The Indian Ocean Region (IOR), spanning from the east coast of Africa to the west coast of Australia, contains around 36 countries and a population of approximately 2.5 billion. The IOR has been a critical crossroads of international trade for centuries and remains so. The security and stability of its shipping lanes and trade routes—passing through the Straits of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, and Malacca, among others—are not only regional issues but issues of global importance.
Briefer published by the Council on Strategic Risks, June 2025.
Military occupations, distinct from active conflict, pose sustained, often underrecognized threats to ecological security. As modern occupations grow increasingly protracted, the imperative to balance military necessity with environmental stewardship and the rights of occupied peoples becomes more urgent.
Published by the European Commission, June 2025.
Fact Sheet published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), June 2025.
Report published by the Environment & Development Resource Centre (EDRC), May 2025.
The European Commission’s Clean Industrial Deal (CID) seeks to accelerate industrial decarbonization, reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports and reinforce economic resilience through stronger technological innovation. Part of this strategy concerns boosting industrial production at home, but with reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels. Enhanced domestic manufacturing is also needed to ramp up Europe’s defence capabilities.
Niger has become a flashpoint where political instability, (foreign) military interventions, and climate change converge.
Policy brief published by the International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, May 2025.
